Mary Kom class 5

 

Determiners

Noun phrases refer to some kind of reference.

The kind of reference a particular noun phrase has depends on its determinative element.

I.          Have you seen a bicycle?

II.          Have you seen the bicycle?

The noun phrases, a bicycle and the bicycle  have indefinite and definite references respectively.

Determiners are those words that come before a noun to indicate which things or people we are talking about. 

Determiners are of 3 classes:

Predeterminers, eg; half,both,all, double.

Central determiners, eg; a,an, the.

Post determiners, eg; cardinal and ordinal numbers, many,few.

We have to follow the order 1+ 2 + 3.

Eg. All the five boys.

Predeterminer + Central determiner +post determiner.

 

Difference between adjectives and determiners:

 Most of the adjectives are placed before the noun as well as                        after the noun whereas determiners can be placed only before the noun.

The sun is bright.     

         !            !     

     Noun    adjective  

Shimla is a beautiful place.

                           !              !     

                    adjective  noun

Types of Predeterminers:

1     1.All, both, and half

--All the boys were present.

--Both the boys wanted to make friendship with me.

--I will meet you after half an hour.

2.  The multipliers, double, twice, three times, etc.

--He visited his village twice a month.

--I take meals three times a day.

--The amount of energy given by fats is double the energy given by  carbohydrates.

3.  The fractions one- third, one- fifth,etc.

--I saw one- fifth of the ghost's face.

4.  Such, what

--Such a surprise!

--what a fine day!  What an idea!

Types of Central determiners:

Type (a) determiners of singular count,plural count, and non count nouns.

1. The definite article the.

 -- Where do you want to put the chair /the chairs/ the furniture.

2. The relative determiners whose and which

 --The triangle whose three sides are equal are called equilateral triangle.

--I want to know which book you are looking for.

3.  The wh determiners in -ever

--vote for whichever proposal you think most favourable.

--you should not reveal to everybody whatever problem you have.

--I don’t like whosever idea this may be.

4.  The interrogative determiners what,which,whose

--What book are you searching for?

--Which information do you want from me?

--Whose books are you searching for ?

 5.  The negative determiner no

--We have no problems with him.

--The sign said,' no parking zone.’

Type(b): Determiners of plural count nouns and not count nouns.

1)              The assertive determiner some and the non assertive determiner any:

--I want some rolls/bread, please.

--Have you got any rolls/bread for breakfast tomorrow?

2) The quantitative determiner enough

--I haven’t got enough tools to do the job.

--I didn't get enough time to complete

 The demonstrative determiners this, that, these, those

1.  Have you read this/ that book?

2.  Have you seen these or those        plays?

 Type (d): Determiners of singular count nouns

I.          The indefinite article a/an

--Have you got a car?

I.          The universal determiners every and each.

    --Every boy has a pen.

    --I want to interview each student individually.

I.          The non assertive determiner either

--You can park on either side.

--Either way is safe.

I.          The negative determiner neither.

--Neither party accepted the proposal.

Postdeterminers

Post determiners follow pre determiners or central determiners.

A.       Cardinal numbers: eg, one, two, three, etc.

Ordinal numerals and general ordinals: eg., first, second, third, etc., and the general ordinals include items like next, last, past, additional, further, other  and another. 

C. Closed-class quantifiers: A category of words that   does not readily admit new members.

1.Many, few a few and several cooccur only with plural count nouns:

Eg. There were many mistakes in your essay.

--I saw only a few people in the market.

         --If I knew I would call several students.

      --  She did very few mistakes in her letter writing.

2. Much, little, a little cooccur only with non count nouns.

--She hasn't got much money.

--She needed a little sugar for her coffee.

Note-Much is typically used in a non assertive sentence, but in an assertive sentence we usually use a lot of.

--We don’t have much time.

                      a lot of    

--We have   Plenty of   time.

                      Lots of

D. Open class quantifiers

Most of open class quantifiers consist of a noun of quantity followed by of and often preceded by the indefinite article.

Some of these including plenty of, can cooccur equally with noncount and plural count nouns:

  --The room contained plenty of   Students/furniture.

 --The class contains lots of  Students /furniture. But with a great deal of,a good deal of, a large quantity of, a small amount of, we can use only non count nouns.

--The chest content a large quantity of/a great deal of money.

But with a great number of, a large number of, a good number of ,we use plural count nouns.

--The hall contained a great number of /a good number of students.